Systemic IFN responses for innate antiviral immunity [28]. Furthermore, robust induction of IFN production by activation of the TLR9 subfamily is entirely dependent on IRF7 [22]. IRF7-RE have been detected in the promoter of several CpG responsive genes [29]. In the present study we report the detection of a IRF7-RE in the promoter of FXR. This IRF7-RE was conserved across species and its functionality was examined by a variety of molecular approaches. Results from ChIP, EMSA and transactivation assays have shown that not only IRF7 binds to the FXR promoter in response to TLR9 stimulation with CpG, but that this interaction results in a IRF7 mediated transcription of the FXR gene. Furthermore, by EMSA we have demonstrated that IRF7 binds to a specific IRF7 consensus and that mutation of this consensus results in the abrogation of the binding. Present findings might have a therapeutic relevance because probiotics that are increasingly used for treating IBDs and other intestinal disorders are positive regulator of FXR FGF-401 web expression [30]. Since FXR functions as a negative regulator of inflammatory responses, present data uncover a striking mechanism through which nuclear receptors function as a gatekeeper signaling in regulating intestinal immune response to microbiota.FXR Is a Novel TLR-9 Target GeneFigure 5. An intact FXR signalling is required to preserve TLR9 action. TNBS colitis was induced in FXR+/+ and FXR2/2 mice. Mice were administered CpG as 18325633 described in materials and methods. (A ) FG-4592 site Analysis of Disease activity index (DAI) in FXR+/+ (A) and FXR2/2 mice (C). (B ) Analysis of mucosal damage score in FXR+/+ (B) and FXR2/2 mice (D). (E ) H E staining of representative paraffin-embedded sections from distal colons after administration of vehicle (control mice), TNBS or TNBS plus CpG in FXR+/+ (panels E ) and FXR2/2 (H ) mice. Data are mean 6 SE of 6animals.*P,0.05 versus naive mice. #P,0.05 versus mice administered TNBS. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054472.gIn conclusion, we have shown that a TLR9/MyD88/IRF7 signaling positively regulates the expression of the bile acid sensor FXR in the intestine and that FXR mediates housekeeping activities of TLR9 thus linking microbiota-sensing receptors to immune and metabolic signaling in the intestine.Materials and Methods ReagentsThe “TLR Ligands Set I” and the TLR9 agonist, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), containing unmethylated deoxycytosine-deoxyguanosine (CpG), CpG ODN 2395, were from Apotech Corporation. The FXR agonist 6-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA) was synthesized by Dr. Angela Zampella as described [31].FXR null mice was established from animals originally donated by Dr. Gonzalez F.J. (Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA – [email protected]) [32]. Colitis was induced in mice by intrarectal administration of TNBS (1.5 mg/mouse). The TLR-9 agonist (CpG, 10 mg/mouse) was administered i.p. in both FXR+/+ and FXR2/2 mice for 3 days before TNBS administration. The FXR agonist (6-ECDCA, 5 mg/kg) was administered i.p. to C57BL6 wild type, MyD882/2 and TLR92/2 mice for 3 days before TNBS administration. Animals were sacrificed 4 days after TNBS. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured as previously described [33].Disease activity Index (DAI)DAI was calculated by combining individual scores of weight loss, stool consistency and bleeding. The sum of individual scores was divided by 3 [27,28].AnimalsProtocols.Systemic IFN responses for innate antiviral immunity [28]. Furthermore, robust induction of IFN production by activation of the TLR9 subfamily is entirely dependent on IRF7 [22]. IRF7-RE have been detected in the promoter of several CpG responsive genes [29]. In the present study we report the detection of a IRF7-RE in the promoter of FXR. This IRF7-RE was conserved across species and its functionality was examined by a variety of molecular approaches. Results from ChIP, EMSA and transactivation assays have shown that not only IRF7 binds to the FXR promoter in response to TLR9 stimulation with CpG, but that this interaction results in a IRF7 mediated transcription of the FXR gene. Furthermore, by EMSA we have demonstrated that IRF7 binds to a specific IRF7 consensus and that mutation of this consensus results in the abrogation of the binding. Present findings might have a therapeutic relevance because probiotics that are increasingly used for treating IBDs and other intestinal disorders are positive regulator of FXR expression [30]. Since FXR functions as a negative regulator of inflammatory responses, present data uncover a striking mechanism through which nuclear receptors function as a gatekeeper signaling in regulating intestinal immune response to microbiota.FXR Is a Novel TLR-9 Target GeneFigure 5. An intact FXR signalling is required to preserve TLR9 action. TNBS colitis was induced in FXR+/+ and FXR2/2 mice. Mice were administered CpG as 18325633 described in materials and methods. (A ) Analysis of Disease activity index (DAI) in FXR+/+ (A) and FXR2/2 mice (C). (B ) Analysis of mucosal damage score in FXR+/+ (B) and FXR2/2 mice (D). (E ) H E staining of representative paraffin-embedded sections from distal colons after administration of vehicle (control mice), TNBS or TNBS plus CpG in FXR+/+ (panels E ) and FXR2/2 (H ) mice. Data are mean 6 SE of 6animals.*P,0.05 versus naive mice. #P,0.05 versus mice administered TNBS. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054472.gIn conclusion, we have shown that a TLR9/MyD88/IRF7 signaling positively regulates the expression of the bile acid sensor FXR in the intestine and that FXR mediates housekeeping activities of TLR9 thus linking microbiota-sensing receptors to immune and metabolic signaling in the intestine.Materials and Methods ReagentsThe “TLR Ligands Set I” and the TLR9 agonist, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), containing unmethylated deoxycytosine-deoxyguanosine (CpG), CpG ODN 2395, were from Apotech Corporation. The FXR agonist 6-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA) was synthesized by Dr. Angela Zampella as described [31].FXR null mice was established from animals originally donated by Dr. Gonzalez F.J. (Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA – [email protected]) [32]. Colitis was induced in mice by intrarectal administration of TNBS (1.5 mg/mouse). The TLR-9 agonist (CpG, 10 mg/mouse) was administered i.p. in both FXR+/+ and FXR2/2 mice for 3 days before TNBS administration. The FXR agonist (6-ECDCA, 5 mg/kg) was administered i.p. to C57BL6 wild type, MyD882/2 and TLR92/2 mice for 3 days before TNBS administration. Animals were sacrificed 4 days after TNBS. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured as previously described [33].Disease activity Index (DAI)DAI was calculated by combining individual scores of weight loss, stool consistency and bleeding. The sum of individual scores was divided by 3 [27,28].AnimalsProtocols.
