Horizontal lines.marker expression and cytokine production by B cells. Therefore, the mechanisms responsible for B cell activation ought to be further elucidated.The HSV-2 Inhibitor Compound adjuvant effects of V2 T cells show similarities to those of other innate T cells. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, so referred to as due to their conserved TCR -chains that CYP2 Inhibitor Species recognizeFrontiers in Immunology | T Cell BiologyDecember 2014 | Volume 5 | Report 650 |Petrasca and DohertyV2 T cells induce DC and B cell differentiationFIGURE six | V2 T cells have distinct adjuvant effects for DC and B cells. Co-cultures of V2 T cells with either DC or B cells create IL-6 and TNF-, but not IL-12 nor IL-10. On the other hand, V2 T cells induce IFN- production and co-stimulatory marker expression by DC just after 24 h and these matured DC induce proliferation of alloreactive T cells, whichthen secrete IFN-. In contrast, V2 T cells induce IL-4 production and co-stimulatory molecule expression by B cells soon after 72 h and immunoglobulin secretion soon after 7 days. These matured B cells induce proliferation but not IFN-, IL IL nor IL production by alloreactive -2, -4 -10 T cells.glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d, can also induce maturation of DC into APC (368) and B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells (392). Similar to V2 T cells, iNKT cells induce MHC and co-stimulatory molecule expression by each DC and B cells, but they predominantly induce IL-12 production by DC (36, 37, 43) and IL-4 and IL-10 production by B cells (44). Furthermore, DC cultured with iNKT cells obtain phenotypes and functions of immunogenic APCs, whereas B cells cultured with iNKT cells differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells but they are inhibited in their ability to stimulate alloreactive T cell proliferation (44). Other subsets of human T cells also possess adjuvant activities. T cells expressing the V1 and V3 TCRs can promote maturation of DC into APCs capable of driving T cell proliferation (457) and 1 study has shown that a population of V1+ T cells precise for pollen-derived antigens can drive IgE production by B cells in vitro (48). For that reason, V2 T cells belong to a loved ones of innate T cells that will differentially market or regulate T cell and antibody responses by means of selective interactions with DC and B cells. Whereas V2 T cells promote immunogenic TH 1 responses by inducing maturation of DC into APCs, they seem to promote T cell tolerance via their adjuvant activities on B cells, while at the exact same time advertising antibody production (Figure 6). While V2 T cells are already below investigation as adjuvants forimmunotherapies in clinical trials for cancer (491), their distinct effects on DC and B cells should be thought of to be able to avoid undesirable immunosuppression or autoimmunity.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Conleth Feighery, Jacinta Kelly, P raic Dunne, Yasmeen Ghnewa, Vincent O’Reilly, Margaret Dunne, and Serena Arduini (Trinity College Dublin) for useful discussions and Hassan Jomaa and Armin Reichenberg (Universit sklinikum Gieen und Marburg, Germany) for kindly supplying HMB-PP for the study. This work was funded by a grant from Science Foundation Ireland. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The Supplementary Material for this short article is often located on the net at http://frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00650/ abstract
Che et al. Journal of Translational Medicine 2013, 11:308 http://translational-medicine/content/11/1/RESEARCHOpen AccessLanthanum carbonate prevents accelerated medial calcificati.
