nd clustering AgRP2 ASIP2 and ASIP together. Considering the most stable topology supported by preliminary trees, the tree was finally rooted on consensus buy Fenoterol (hydrobromide) sequences SPTR_cons and Arth_cons that clustered ASIP, AgRP2 and ASIP2 together and separating AGRP and AgRP1 clusters basal to the root. 3. Use of HMM to Search for Agouti-like Sequences We searched for AgRP and ASIP-like sequences against the UniProt database restricted to a sequence length that range, = 150 residues. A search for homologues using the separate 
HMM profiles against our dataset significantly identified eight novel homologues from the phylum arthropods and three from the phylum ascomycota in the fungi kingdom. Multiple sequence alignment of the final dataset demonstrated that the novel sequences in the arthropods have the characteristic C-x-C-C motif which are present in the AgRP, AgRP1 and ASIP, ASIP1 sequences. Furthermore, three sequences from fungi have longer C-xC-C motif instead of C-x-C-C motif. Moreover, these three sequences have the C–P motif and the C-A motif that are conserved in most of the AgRP and ASIP-like sequences. The conserved motifs between the novel sequences and the AgRP and ASIP-like sequences are shown in 6. Structure Modeling of A2 Sequences Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to construct a two-dimensional representation of the similarity data, in which the data points are positioned so that the distances between them reflect PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22202440 as much as possible the original dissimilarity values. The resulting configuration shows a clear bipartitioning of the AgRP or ASIP structures. Notably, the Mojave Desert spider venom peptide Plt-VI sequence falls within the range of the other Agouti-like sequences. In human, both AgRP and ASIP have 10 cysteines that hold the knot together. Starting from the N-terminal end, the sequence passes the first cysteine, which holds together the first loop, which is shortened by one residue in AgRP2. The first loop has two disulphide connectors with the active site loop, which contains the R-F-F motif. The arginine residue is large and basic, giving a rotamer with large conformational potential. In AgRP, the active site loop contains two small anti-parallel beta sheets, and an internal disulphide connector between the beta sheets. This disulphide bond is missing in many venom peptides. The R-F-F motif is placed on the N-terminal side of the active site loop, directly after the first beta sheet in the active site loop. The disulphide connectors between the first loop and the active site loop cross over each other, i.e. if the structure is viewed from top/ down, looking towards the two loops from top, the disulfide bonds holding the two loops together from a cross. After leaving the active site loop, there is a final cysteine holding the C-terminal chain together with the peptide sequence that connects the two loops. The AgRP structure is similar to many known structures, including a triple beta sheet containing gene product from polydnavirus, a virus which is transmitted during oviposition of parasitic wasps. Other similar known structures include: sea anemone toxin, A. aperta calcium channel blocker, A. dohrni assassin bug saliva calcium channel blocker, plant sweet taste perception blocker, central Asian spider P263 pain receptor blocker, and palutoxin. The greatest difference between AgRP and these toxins to which it shows high similarity, is the absence of the disulphide bond connecting the beta sheets, as well as t
