E published version from the manuscript. Funding: This investigation was funded by National Institute on Drug Abuse, DA047178. Institutional Critique Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.Viruses 2021, 13,12 of
antioxidantsReviewRecent Molecular Mechanisms and Beneficial Effects of Phytochemicals and Plant-Based Entire Foods in Minimizing LDL-C and Stopping Cardiovascular DiseaseSalman Ul Islam 1, , Muhammad Bilal Ahmed 1, , Haseeb Ahsan 1,2,and Young-Sup Lee 1, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Four KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; [email protected] (S.U.I.); [email protected] (M.B.A.); [email protected] (H.A.) Division of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-53-950-6353; Fax: +82-53-943-2762 These authors contributed equally to this operate.Citation: Islam, S.U.; Ahmed, M.B.; Ahsan, H.; Lee, Y.-S. Current Molecular Mechanisms and Helpful Effects of Phytochemicals and Plant-Based Whole Foods in Reducing LDL-C and Stopping Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ antiox10050784 Academic Editors: Irene Dini and Domenico Montesano Received: 25 March 2021 Accepted: 12 Could 2021 Published: 15 MayAbstract: Abnormal lipid metabolism leads to the development of hyperlipidemia, a typical reason for many chronic disorders, such as cardiovascular illness (CVD), obesity, diabetes, and cerebrovascular disease. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at present remains the main target for remedy of hyperlipidemia. Despite the advancement of therapy and prevention of hyperlipidemia, medications utilized to manage hyperlipidemia are restricted to allopathic drugs, which present certain limitations and adverse effects. Escalating evidence indicates that utilization of phytochemicals and plant-based entire foods is definitely an option and promising approach to prevent hyperlipidemia and CVD. The present assessment focuses on phytochemicals and their pharmacological mode of actions for the regulation of LDL-C and prevention of CVD. The critical molecular mechanisms illustrated in detail within this evaluation include elevation of IL-8 web reverse cholesterol transport, inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption, acceleration of cholesterol excretion within the liver, and reduction of cholesterol synthesis. In addition, the advantageous effects of plant-based entire foods, for instance fresh fruits, vegetables, dried nuts, flax seeds, complete grains, peas, beans, vegan diets, and dietary fibers in LDL-C reduction and cardiovascular overall health are summarized. This evaluation concludes that phytochemicals and plant-based whole foods can CB2 Purity & Documentation decrease LDL-C levels and reduce the danger for CVD. Keywords: plant-based foods; LDL; CVD; lipid oxidation; dietary fiber; cholesterol; hyperlipidemia1. Introduction Cholesterol is circulated in the human body by 5 significant types of lipoproteins: highdensity lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), really low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and chylomicrons [1]. The metabolism and plasma levels of cholesterol are mostly regulated by the liver. Throughout the first step of LDL formation, intrahepatic cholesterol, either through gut absorption or de novo synthesis, is repackaged by the liver together with phospholipids, triglycerides (TGs), and.
