Ntioxidant effects of DMS may attenuate Cd-induced neurotoxicity in the hippocampus. We focused on glutathione-related enzymes because the increase in activity after DMS treatment in Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone chemical information Cdexposed rats was most prominent for GPx, among the antioxidative enzymes. Exposure to Cd significantly decreased GR activity, TSH level, and GSH level, while GST activity was significantly increased. The decrease of GR activity, TSH level, and GSH level after Cd exposure could be responsible for increased ROS levels and subsequent lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation in the brain, because GSH can directly scavenge ROS or act as a substrate for GPx and GST in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide [41]. DMS administration significantly ameliorated changes in glutathione-related enzymes in the hippocampus caused by Cd exposure, and this effect may be associated with direct reductions in ROS levels.Kim et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014, 14:428 http://www.RM-493 web biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/14/Page 7 ofConclusion The administration of DMS promotes the excretion of Cd from the kidney and ameliorates Cd-induced increases in ROS, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyl levels, which are modified by oxidative stress. In addition, DMS efficiently PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28607003 attenuates Cd-induced deficits in SOD1, CAT, GPx, and glutathione-related enzyme activities in the hippocampus.Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions WK, DWK, DYY, JHC, HYJ, SMN, JWK, YSY, and IKH conceived the study, designed and conducted the experiments, and drafted the manuscript. SMH and DWK made the Dendropanax morbifera Leveille extract. JHC and SMM participated in designing and discussing the study. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements This Research was supported by High Value-added Food Technology Development Program, Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea (112106-022-HD020). Author details Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea. 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Korea. 3Central Research Center, Egreen Co. Ltd, Seongnam 463-862, South Korea. 4 Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea. 5Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong 445-170, South Korea.Received: 7 October 2014 Accepted: 17 October 2014 Published: 31 October 2014 References 1. Kim SH, Hang YS, Han JG, Chung HG, Lee SW, Cho KJ: Genetic variation and population structure of Dendropanax morbifera L . (Araliaceae) in Korea. Silvae Genetica 2006, 55:7?3. 2. Park BY, Min BS, Oh SR, Kim JH, Kim TJ, Kim DH, Bae KH, Lee HK: Isolation and anticomplement activity of compounds from Dendropanax morbifera. J Ethnopharmacol 2004, 90:403?08. 3. Chung IM, Kim MY, Park WH, Moon HI: Antiatherogenic activity of Dendropanax morbifera essential oil in rats. Pharmazie 2009, 64:547?49. 4. Chung IM, Song HK, Kim SJ, Moon HI: Anticomplement activity of polyacetylenes from leaves of Dendropanax morbifera L eille. Phytother Res 2011, 25:784?86. 5. Moon HI: Antidiabetic effects of dendropanoxide from leaves of Dendropanax morbifera L.Ntioxidant effects of DMS may attenuate Cd-induced neurotoxicity in the hippocampus. We focused on glutathione-related enzymes because the increase in activity after DMS treatment in Cdexposed rats was most prominent for GPx, among the antioxidative enzymes. Exposure to Cd significantly decreased GR activity, TSH level, and GSH level, while GST activity was significantly increased. The decrease of GR activity, TSH level, and GSH level after Cd exposure could be responsible for increased ROS levels and subsequent lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation in the brain, because GSH can directly scavenge ROS or act as a substrate for GPx and GST in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide [41]. DMS administration significantly ameliorated changes in glutathione-related enzymes in the hippocampus caused by Cd exposure, and this effect may be associated with direct reductions in ROS levels.Kim et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014, 14:428 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/14/Page 7 ofConclusion The administration of DMS promotes the excretion of Cd from the kidney and ameliorates Cd-induced increases in ROS, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyl levels, which are modified by oxidative stress. In addition, DMS efficiently PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28607003 attenuates Cd-induced deficits in SOD1, CAT, GPx, and glutathione-related enzyme activities in the hippocampus.Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions WK, DWK, DYY, JHC, HYJ, SMN, JWK, YSY, and IKH conceived the study, designed and conducted the experiments, and drafted the manuscript. SMH and DWK made the Dendropanax morbifera Leveille extract. JHC and SMM participated in designing and discussing the study. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements This Research was supported by High Value-added Food Technology Development Program, Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea (112106-022-HD020). Author details Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea. 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Korea. 3Central Research Center, Egreen Co. Ltd, Seongnam 463-862, South Korea. 4 Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea. 5Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong 445-170, South Korea.Received: 7 October 2014 Accepted: 17 October 2014 Published: 31 October 2014 References 1. Kim SH, Hang YS, Han JG, Chung HG, Lee SW, Cho KJ: Genetic variation and population structure of Dendropanax morbifera L . (Araliaceae) in Korea. Silvae Genetica 2006, 55:7?3. 2. Park BY, Min BS, Oh SR, Kim JH, Kim TJ, Kim DH, Bae KH, Lee HK: Isolation and anticomplement activity of compounds from Dendropanax morbifera. J Ethnopharmacol 2004, 90:403?08. 3. Chung IM, Kim MY, Park WH, Moon HI: Antiatherogenic activity of Dendropanax morbifera essential oil in rats. Pharmazie 2009, 64:547?49. 4. Chung IM, Song HK, Kim SJ, Moon HI: Anticomplement activity of polyacetylenes from leaves of Dendropanax morbifera L eille. Phytother Res 2011, 25:784?86. 5. Moon HI: Antidiabetic effects of dendropanoxide from leaves of Dendropanax morbifera L.
