Dings were observed when testing topical administration of PA to BALB/c mice infected with either L. (L.) MedChemExpress Pleuromutilin amazonensis or L. (V.) braziliensis [15,32,33]. Thus, for the first time, we have demonstrated that GV and other members of the TPM class are effective against Leishmania species in vitro and in vivo. Humans have a long history of topical GV use as an antibacterial and antifungal agent, and we extend the hPTH (1-34) potential use of GV as a potent antileishmanial agent. In addition, humans have tolerated systemic exposure of GV as well, given that GV is routinely added to transfused blood in areas where Chagas disease is prevalent [19?4]. This study indicates that some TPM derivatives have in vitro anti-leishmanial activity and that this activity is not limited to a single species. In addition, we have demonstrated that topical GV is highly effective against the usually refractory species L. (L.) amazonensis in vivo, perhaps making it an alternative treatment agent where species diagnosis is not possible. The findings described herein are of public health relevance for the following reasons. First, these drugs are inexpensive and stable at room temperature,Triphenylmethane Activity against Leishmaniasismaking them ideal for use in areas where Leishmania is endemic. Second, GV is readily accessible and has an established safety record, making clinical trials rapidly feasible. Finally, gentian violet has anti-angiogenic properties, which might lead to an enhanced host response, in addition to direct anti-parasitic activity.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: RCCdSP LAMF APF. Performed the experiments: RCCdSP LFR ET LF BL. Analyzed the data: RCCdSP JA LAMF APF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LF BL AR JA LAMF APF. Wrote the paper: RCCdSP JA APF.
Gold is a noble metal and a commonly used material due to its oxidation resistance and unique electrical, magnetic, optical and physical characteristics. It exists in multiple oxidation states ranging from 21 to +5; the predominant form being Au (I) and Au (III) [1]. Metallic gold is known to be an inert and nontoxic metal. It is only the gold salts and radioisotopes that have pharmacological significance [1]. The use of gold compounds as medicinal agents is referred to as chrysotherapy [2]. Medical and therapeutic use of gold dates back to thousands of years [3]. In ancient cultures, around 2500 BC, gold was considered an integral component in the treatment of diseases such as measles, skin ulcers, and smallpox [4,5]. In the 16th century, gold was recommended for the treatment of epilepsy. Its rational medicinal use began in the early 1920’s when it was introduced as a treatment of tuberculosis [6]. Gold as an anti rheumatic agent was first reported in 1929 [7]. Gold and gold compounds are now mostly used for the treatment of various diseases including psoriasis, palindromic rheumatism, juvenilearthritis and discoid lupus erythematosus [8,9]. However, following the body’s extensive exposure to gold compounds, it can diffuse to various organs like liver, kidney and spleen. Skin irritation, mouth ulcers, nephrotoxicity, liver toxicity and blood disorders have been associated with prolonged exposure to gold compounds [10]. Currently gold complexes have gained considerable attention due to their strong antiproliferative[11?4] and antiangiogenic potential [10]. The spectrum of gold complexes with documented cell growth inhibiting properties include a large variety of diffe.Dings were observed when testing topical administration of PA to BALB/c mice infected with either L. (L.) amazonensis or L. (V.) braziliensis [15,32,33]. Thus, for the first time, we have demonstrated that GV and other members of the TPM class are effective against Leishmania species in vitro and in vivo. Humans have a long history of topical GV use as an antibacterial and antifungal agent, and we extend the potential use of GV as a potent antileishmanial agent. In addition, humans have tolerated systemic exposure of GV as well, given that GV is routinely added to transfused blood in areas where Chagas disease is prevalent [19?4]. This study indicates that some TPM derivatives have in vitro anti-leishmanial activity and that this activity is not limited to a single species. In addition, we have demonstrated that topical GV is highly effective against the usually refractory species L. (L.) amazonensis in vivo, perhaps making it an alternative treatment agent where species diagnosis is not possible. The findings described herein are of public health relevance for the following reasons. First, these drugs are inexpensive and stable at room temperature,Triphenylmethane Activity against Leishmaniasismaking them ideal for use in areas where Leishmania is endemic. Second, GV is readily accessible and has an established safety record, making clinical trials rapidly feasible. Finally, gentian violet has anti-angiogenic properties, which might lead to an enhanced host response, in addition to direct anti-parasitic activity.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: RCCdSP LAMF APF. Performed the experiments: RCCdSP LFR ET LF BL. Analyzed the data: RCCdSP JA LAMF APF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LF BL AR JA LAMF APF. Wrote the paper: RCCdSP JA APF.
Gold is a noble metal and a commonly used material due to its oxidation resistance and unique electrical, magnetic, optical and physical characteristics. It exists in multiple oxidation states ranging from 21 to +5; the predominant form being Au (I) and Au (III) [1]. Metallic gold is known to be an inert and nontoxic metal. It is only the gold salts and radioisotopes that have pharmacological significance [1]. The use of gold compounds as medicinal agents is referred to as chrysotherapy [2]. Medical and therapeutic use of gold dates back to thousands of years [3]. In ancient cultures, around 2500 BC, gold was considered an integral component in the treatment of diseases such as measles, skin ulcers, and smallpox [4,5]. In the 16th century, gold was recommended for the treatment of epilepsy. Its rational medicinal use began in the early 1920’s when it was introduced as a treatment of tuberculosis [6]. Gold as an anti rheumatic agent was first reported in 1929 [7]. Gold and gold compounds are now mostly used for the treatment of various diseases including psoriasis, palindromic rheumatism, juvenilearthritis and discoid lupus erythematosus [8,9]. However, following the body’s extensive exposure to gold compounds, it can diffuse to various organs like liver, kidney and spleen. Skin irritation, mouth ulcers, nephrotoxicity, liver toxicity and blood disorders have been associated with prolonged exposure to gold compounds [10]. Currently gold complexes have gained considerable attention due to their strong antiproliferative[11?4] and antiangiogenic potential [10]. The spectrum of gold complexes with documented cell growth inhibiting properties include a large variety of diffe.
