y. So the role of glucocorticoids in the hypothalamus after chronic stress exposure still is to exert negative regulation of HPA axis activity. We reveal the different roles of the hippocampus and hypothalamus and its mechanism in regulating HPA axis activity and depressive behaviors. In accordance with previous reports, our research BIX-02189 chemical information demonstrated that long term exposure to high concentration of glucocorticoids resulted in depressive-like behaviors and hyperactivity of HPA axis in mice. Specifically, our research clarified long term glucocorticoids exposure accounted for and was sufficient to induce chronic stress-related depressive behaviors and the hyperactivity of HPA axis. Moreover, we demonstrated here that hypothalamic glucocorticoids were not involved in the stressful effects of chronic stress. And we reported here for the first time that the action of glucocorticoids in the hypothalamus still exerted negative feedback regulation of HPA axis after chronic stress. There are several endogenous inhibitory places of hypothalamus function including hippocampus, frontal cortex and hypothalamus self. Stress-induced glucocorticoids arrive at these tissues and exert negative regulation of the activity of HPA axis through GR. But, whether the roles of these places in the pathology of HPA axis hyperactivity are the same remain 22441874 unknown. We found that the expression level and the response to acute stress of GR were similar in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, which explain why acute exposure to 
glucocorticoids in the hippocampus and hypothalamus exerted negative feedback modulation of HPA axis similarly. We also found that reduced GR expression was only observed in the hippocampus but not in the hypothalamus, explaining why chronic exposure to glucocorticoids in the hippocampus but not in the hypothalamus induced HPA axis hyperactivity. In addition, different levels of MR in the hippocampus and hypothalamus was observed. More importantly, stress only unregulated MR expression in the hippocampus but not in the hypothalamus, which explained why glucocorticoids in the hippocampus but not in the hypothalamus activated MR-nNOS-NO-GR pathway. However, the reasons why stress only unregulated MR expression in the hippocampus but not in the hypothalamus need further research. The inhibitory feedback regulation of HPA axis is disrupted in most depressive patients. In consistent with our previous study, nNOS produced NO in the hippocampus was crucial in 12 Glucocorticoids in Different Positions in the Brain and Depression chronic stress or glucocorticoids induced hyperactivity of HPA axis and depressive behavior. Extensive evidence demonstrate that nNOS produced NO negatively regulates hippocampal neurogenesis. Numerous data show that hippocampal neurogenesis is required for the behavioral effects of antidepressants and the modulation 20550119 of HPA axis. Therefore, hippocampal new born neurons may mediate the effect of glucocorticoids-MR-nNOS-NO-GR pathway in the modulation of HPA axis by hippocampus. Although it was found the existence of neurogenesis in the adult hypothalamus, the function of the new born neurons was demonstrated as a regulator of feeding. There is no evidence supporting the correlation between hypothalamic new born neurons and depression until now. Moreover, there is low level of MR expression and no reaction in the MR expression in response to stress in the hypothalamus. Hence, the mechanism of modulation of the HPA axis by hypothalamus its
