ot display a significant optokinetic response. To establish a correlation between the observed improvement in light perception and the differentiation of Muller cells along the rod photoreceptor lineage, we quantified the cells with GS+BrdU+opsin+ phenotype in cell dissociates of the retina of the animals that had undergone optokinetic test. A correlation was observed between the number 24195657 of GS+BrdU+opsin+ cells and the corresponding optokinetic response. Together, these observations suggested that Muller cells could be Torin 1 site activated in response to accentuation in Notch and Wnt signaling in vivo and a rare population of activated Muller cells differentiate along the rod photoreceptor lineage and the differentiation is correlated with the improvement in the perception of light in S334ter rat retina. 10 August 2010 | Volume 5 | Issue 8 | e12425 Muller Cells and Regeneration Discussion We have previously demonstrated that a subset of Mu ler cells enriched from adult mammalian retina, like their radial glia counterparts, retain the cardinal features of neural stem cells: self renewal potential and the ability to generate neurons and glia. The enriched Mu ler cells generated generic neurons with biochemical, molecular, and physiological characteristics that had the capacity to 
differentiate into specific retinal neurons in vitro. As direct evidence of their neurogenic potential in vivo, we demonstrated that Mu ler cells, prospectively enriched as SP cells, integrated and generated lamina-specific retinal neurons after transplantation into mechanically injured retina. These observations, including the more recent ones emerging from the lineage tracing experiments carried out in Zebra fish and mice, show that the neurogenic potential of adult Mu ler cells is an inherent but dormant feature in many species. These cells express multiple stem cell/progenitor-specific genes whose expression is environment-sensitive. The dual phenotype of Muller cells is reminiscent of radial glia and suggestive of an ambivalent nature that allows them to perform various roles that support neuronal functions and participate in neurogenesis, when the microenvironment allows. The mechanism that activates these dormant Mu ler cells is likely to involve pathways that integrate both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic pathways and evidence suggests that Notch and Wnt signaling plays an important role in this regard. A consistent feature of neurotoxin-induced activation of Mu ler cells is the increase in the expression of the Notch and Wnt pathways components. This suggests that injury induced cytokines and growth factors leading to the activation of Notch and Wnt pathways in Muller cells, prompts them to shift from maintenance to stem-cell mode. Our results demonstrate that the activation of Notch and Wnt signaling is sufficient to facilitate the re-entry of a subset of Muller cells into the cell cycle and does not require neurotoxinmediated damage to the retina. Furthermore, these pathways act cooperatively toward the activation of Muller cells where Notch signaling calibrates the threshold of Wnt signaling; in the absence of Notch signaling, the effects of Wnt signaling are compromised as observed in the case of embryonic retinal stem cells/progenitors. Based on previous observations that p27kip1 keeps Muller cells from entering the cell cycle and the recent evidence that Notch and Wnt signaling adversely affect the activities of p27kip1, it is reasonable to postulate that No
